“花间隐榭，水际安亭”——基于华南植物园水榭和桂林芦笛岩水榭的营境分析

华南植物园水榭和桂林芦笛岩水榭是20世纪七八十年代岭南园林建筑的两处经典作品。它们与明代造园专著《园冶》里"花间隐榭,水际安亭"的字句遥相呼应,以现代主义建筑的创作风格构造出中国传统山水居游的惬意情境。以这两个经典现代风景建筑为例,尝试从情境、场景和身体体验3个不同角度,具体探讨风景建筑的营境操作。情境旨在针对建筑总体布局进行分析;场景则着眼于空间组合的探讨;最后从身体体验出发,讨论建筑的细部设计。     

四川省部分地区山羊沙门氏菌健康带菌率及耐药性调查

为了解四川省山羊沙门氏菌带菌情况,本试验采集了四川省部分地区5个规模化山羊养殖场表观健康山羊粪便196份,经BPW预增菌、TTB选择性增菌后,采用靶向invA基因的PCR方法检测沙门氏菌的带菌率;对阳性样本进行细菌分离鉴定,随机选择25株沙门氏菌分离株测定其对15种抗菌药物的敏感性。结果显示,山羊沙门氏菌的平均带菌率为54.59%。药敏试验结果显示,分离株均对丁胺卡那敏感,而对其余14种抗菌药物呈不同程度的耐药,多重耐药菌株占88%,其中耐2~7种药物的占52%,耐9~13种药物的占36%。结果表明,四川省部分地区山羊的沙门氏菌健康带菌率较高,且多重耐药性普遍,其公共卫生意义值得进一步研究。     

扶正解毒散及其超微粉体外抗鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒药效比较

采用鸡胚法和细胞法2种体外抗病毒试验比较扶正解毒超微粉(FZSM)和扶正解毒散(FZ)的抗鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)效果。鸡胚法:在FZSM和FZ 2种煎煮液对鸡胚安全浓度范围内分别选取3个浓度,采用先加煎煮液后接种病毒和先接种病毒后加煎煮液2种方式,接种10日龄SPF鸡胚,测定2种煎煮液对IBDV ELD50的影响。细胞法:在FZSM和FZ 2种煎煮液对鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)安全浓度范围内分别选取3个浓度,采用先加煎煮液后接种病毒和先接种病毒后加煎煮液2种方式,加入到长成单层的CEF中继续培养,观察并统计各孔的细胞病变(CPE)。结果显示,FZSM和FZ 2种煎煮液均可以降低IBDV的病毒滴度和CPE抑制率,高浓度效果优于低浓度;同浓度FZSM效果优于FZ;预防作用效果优于治疗作用效果。结果表明FZSM和FZ均具有体外抗IBDV的作用,且FZSM效果优于FZ。     

山羊卵母细胞体外成熟体系研究进展

卵母细胞体外成熟(IVM)是山羊胚胎体外生产的关键步骤,其对山羊体外生产胚胎的数量和质量均具有非常重要的意义。此外,IVM还可以满足胚胎工程技术如体细胞核移植、转基因动物生产对卵母细胞的大量需求。然而,由于山羊卵母细胞体外成熟研究起步较晚,与牛、猪等家畜相比仍然存在不小的差距,存在诸如体外成熟率低、胚胎质量不佳、培养体系可重复性低等问题。因此,分析山羊卵母细胞体外成熟的主要影响因素,提高山羊卵母细胞体外成熟率,建立山羊卵母细胞体外成熟稳定培养体系,就成为了近年来山羊胚胎体外生产的研究重点。论文综合国内外学者近年的相关研究,对可能影响山羊卵母细胞体外成熟效率的各种因素进行了综述分析,同时对山羊卵母细胞体外成熟现存问题进行了分析,以期为建立山羊卵母细胞体外成熟体系提供理论支持。     

The face of conservation responding to a dynamically changing world

In its 40‐year history, the science of conservation has faced unprecedented challenges in terms of environmental damage and rapid global change, and environmental problems are only increasing as greater demands are placed on limited natural resources. Conservation science has been adapting to keep pace with these changes. Here, we highlight contemporary and emerging trends and innovations in conservation science that we believe represent the most effective responses to biodiversity threats. We focus on specific areas where conservation science has had to adjust its approach to address emerging threats to biodiversity, including habitat destruction and degradation, climate change, declining populations and invasive species. We also document changes in attitudes, norms and practices among conservation scientists. A key component to success is engaging and maintaining public support for conservation, which can be facilitated through the use of technology. These recent trends in conservation and management are innovative and will assist in optimizing conservation strategies, increasing our leverage with the general public and tackling our current environmental challenges.     

9种中药成分对猪传染性胃肠炎病毒体外增殖的抑制作用

运用MTT法结合细胞病变方法测定黄芩苷、穿心莲内酯、大黄素、大黄酸、芦荟大黄素、大黄素甲醚、苦参碱、氧化苦参碱和苦马豆素9种中药成分对猪传染性胃肠炎病毒(TGEV)在ST细胞上增殖的抑制作用,实时荧光定量PCR(Real-time PCR)进一步检测黄芩苷对TGEV在ST细胞上增殖的抑制作用。结果显示,9种中药成分在体外对TGEV在ST细胞上的增殖均有一定的抑制作用,其中黄芩苷对TGEV的生物合成、吸附保护和直接灭活作用的抑制率分别为58.23%、88.12%和100.00%;Real-time PCR检测黄芩苷3种给药方式均能在转录水平显著降低TGEV mRNA的相对表达量,与病毒对照组相比差异极显著(P0.01)。结果表明,9种中药成分在体外对TGEV在ST细胞上的增殖均有一定的抑制作用,以黄芩苷作用最好。     

The effects analysis of two neonicotinoid insecticides on in vitro maturation of porcine oocytes using hanging drop monoculture method

Acetamiprid (ACE) and imidacroprid (IMI) are known neonicotinoid insecticides with strong affinities for the insect-selective nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. These provide insect control by hyperstimulating insect nerves and are used for agricultural pest management. However, it has also been reported that ACE and IMI affect mammalian reproductive function. We determined the effects of ACE and IMI on the in vitro maturation of porcine oocytes. Significant decreases in nuclear maturation rates were observed in the ACE or IMI-exposed groups. Also, in matured oocytes from the ACE or IMI-exposed groups, irregular chromosomes were observed. Our results suggest that ACE and IMI exposure was detrimental to porcine oocytes and the extent of the effects depends on the concentration of exposure.     

Effects of Addition of Tissue‐Type Plasminogen Activator in In Vitro Fertilization Medium on Bovine Embryo Development and Quality

Plasminogen activators/Plasmin system plays pivotal role in regulating reproductive functions of mammals. Here, we examined the effects of modification of in vitro fertilization medium (IVF medium) with the addition of tissue‐type plasminogen activator (t‐PA), on bovine embryo development and quality, assessed by quantification of expression of various genes related to metabolism, oxidation, implantation and apoptosis. In addition, plasminogen activator activity (PAA) and plasminogen activator inhibition (PAI) were measured in the spent media. After conventional IVM, 2016 cumulus‐oocyte complexes (COCs) were divided into four groups with modified composition of the IVF medium containing t‐PA and/or its inhibitor epsilon‐aminocaproic acid (control, t‐PA, t‐PA+ε‐ACA, ε‐ACA). Presumptive zygotes were cultured for 8 days in synthetic oviductal fluid (SOF) medium; gene expression studies were carried out on morulae and blastocysts. t‐PA alone significantly suppressed cleavage and blastocyst formation rates, but this effect was neutralized by the addition of ε‐ACA. PAA in the treated group was significantly reduced by ε‐ACA, but without total elimination. Significant differences were detected in the expression of genes related to apoptosis and/or cell cycle arrest (BAX, BCL2L1, KAT2B) between embryos produced in t‐PA‐modified media and controls, giving an overall notion that the inferior developmental competence of treated embryos may be attributed to apoptotic phenomena induced by t‐PA. In conclusion, it appears that excessive t‐PA content in the IVF media, suppresses blastocyst formation rate, possibly due to induction of apoptotic phenomena.     

西藏草原5种主要有毒植物营养成分

采用国家标准法对西藏天然草原茎直黄芪(Astragalus strictus)、甘肃棘豆(Oxytropis kansuensis)、毛瓣棘豆(Oxytropis sericopetala)、瑞香狼毒(Stellera chamaejasme)和藏橐吾(Ligularia rumicifolia)5种主要有毒植物不同物候期常规营养成分和矿质元素含量进行测定。结果显示,在5种植物中,粗蛋白平均含量以茎直黄芪最高,其次为甘肃棘豆,且两者粗蛋白含量均超过19%;茎直黄芪中花期粗蛋白含量最高,花前期最低,花期和花果期差异不显著(P0.05);而甘肃棘豆中粗蛋白含量以花前期最高,花果期最低,花前期和花期差异不显著。粗纤维平均含量由高到低依次为毛瓣棘豆、藏橐吾、茎直黄芪、甘肃棘豆和瑞香狼毒,且均以花果期最高,花前期最低。5种植物Mg、Fe、Cu、Mn和Zn含量均以花前期最高,花期次之,花果期最低;但Se含量花果期相对较高。由此得出,茎直黄芪和甘肃棘豆营养较为丰富,具有潜在饲用价值,毛瓣棘豆、瑞香狼毒和藏橐吾营养价值偏低。     

阿莫西林混悬注射液在猪体内的生物等效性研究

为了研究阿莫西林混悬注射液在猪体内的药代动力学和生物等效性,采用双处理、双周期随机交叉试验设计,将24头健康猪随机分成2组,按15 mg/kg体重肌肉分别单剂量注射受试制剂和参比制剂,采用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中阿莫西林的浓度,利用Win Nonlin6.4软件计算主要药动学参数,并评价两种制剂的生物等效性。结果显示,受试制剂和参比制剂的Tmax分别为(3.45±2.49)h,(1.34±1.74)h;Cmax分别为(6.94±4.73)mg/L,(4.39±2.87)mg/L;AUC0-t分别为(37.00±11.48)mg·h·L-1,(30.02±8.93)mg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞分别为(40.26±13.36)mg·h·L-1,(38.46±15.38)mg·h·L-1。阿莫西林混悬注射液受试制剂和参比制剂的AUC0-t、AUC0-∞、Cmax、Tmax均有显著性差异,双单侧t检验结果显示两种制剂生物不等效,试验为兽医临床给药方案的制定以及合理用药提供参考。